A linear power adapter is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) from a wall outlet into direct current (DC) with a stable voltage for powering electronic devices. The fundamental principle behind its operation involves several key steps.

　　First, the incoming AC voltage is stepped down to a suitable lower voltage level using a transformer. The transformer consists of two or more coils of wire wound around a magnetic core. According to Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction, when an alternating current flows through the primary coil, it generates a changing magnetic field. This magnetic field induces a voltage in the secondary coil, and the ratio of the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils determines the voltage transformation ratio.

　　After voltage transformation, the stepped - down AC voltage is rectified. This is typically done using diodes in a rectifier circuit. A full - wave rectifier, for example, uses four diodes to convert the AC voltage into a pulsating DC voltage. The diodes allow current to flow in only one direction, effectively "chopping off" the negative half - cycles of the AC waveform.

　　Finally, the pulsating DC voltage is smoothed using capacitors. Capacitors store electrical charge and release it during the low - voltage periods of the pulsating DC, reducing the voltage ripple. Some linear power adapters may also use additional components like resistors and inductors in combination with capacitors to further improve the smoothing effect and regulate the output voltage. This process results in a relatively stable DC output voltage that can be used to power electronic devices such as small electronics, audio equipment, and some low - power industrial control systems.

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